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MacBinary | 1991-08-06 | 99.0 KB | [ STAK/WILD]
open in: MacOS 8.1
extracted
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Win98
extracted
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DOS
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This file was processed as: MacBinary
(archive/macBinary ).
Confidence Program Detection Match Type Support
100%
dexvert
HyperCard Stack (archive/hypercard)
idMeta
Supported
10%
dexvert
MacBinary (archive/macBinary)
fallback
Supported
100%
file
MacBinary II, inited, Mon Aug 5 22:03:25 1991, modified Mon Aug 5 23:06:57 1991, creator HyperCard, type HyperCard stack, 73920 bytes "Soviet Union HTB" , at 0x12140 27243 bytes resource
default (weak)
99%
file
data
default
74%
TrID
Mac HyperCard stack (MacBinary)
default
25%
TrID
MacBinary 2
default (weak)
100%
siegfried
fmt/1762 MacBinary (II)
default
100%
lsar
MacBinary
default
id metadata key value macFileType [ STAK] macFileCreator [ WILD]
hex view +--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+ |00000000| 00 10 53 6f 76 69 65 74 | 20 55 6e 69 6f 6e 20 48 |..Soviet| Union H| |00000010| 54 42 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |TB......|........| |00000020| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000030| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000040| 00 53 54 41 4b 57 49 4c | 44 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.STAKWIL|D.......| |00000050| 00 00 00 00 01 20 c0 00 | 00 6a 6b a4 c3 b3 ed a4 |..... ..|.jk.....| |00000060| c3 c2 d1 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000070| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 81 81 5e ac 00 00 |........|....^...| |00000080| 00 00 0a 00 53 54 41 4b | ff ff ff ff 00 00 00 00 |....STAK|........| |00000090| 00 00 00 0a 00 01 20 c0 | 00 00 0a 00 00 00 00 00 |...... .|........| |000000a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 | 00 00 0a 85 00 00 00 1f |........|........| |000000b0| 00 00 0b 9b 00 00 2e 69 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.......i|........| |000000c0| 00 00 0f 34 00 00 00 00 | 00 05 00 00 10 00 00 00 |...4....|........| |000000d0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000000e0| 02 10 80 00 02 10 80 00 | 02 10 80 00 02 10 80 00 |........|........| |000000f0| 11 26 81 eb 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 01 56 02 00 |.&......|.....V..| |00000100| 00 00 00 00 01 e0 02 80 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000110| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000120| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000130| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000140| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000150| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000160| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000170| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000180| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000190| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000001a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000001b0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000001c0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000001d0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000001e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000001f0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000200| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000210| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000220| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000230| 00 00 0d 06 00 00 0c 82 | 01 56 02 00 00 00 00 00 |........|.V......| |00000240| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000250| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000260| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000270| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000280| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000290| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000002a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000002b0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000002c0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000002d0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000002e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000002f0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000300| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000310| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000320| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000330| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000340| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 80 00 00 00 08 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000350| 88 00 22 00 88 00 22 00 | 88 88 22 22 88 88 22 22 |.."...".|..""..""| |00000360| 88 aa 22 aa 88 aa 22 aa | cc aa 33 aa cc aa 33 aa |.."...".|..3...3.| |00000370| 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 | ee bb bb ee ee bb bb ee |UUUUUUUU|........| |00000380| ff bb ff ee ff bb ff ee | ff bb ff ff ff bb ff ff |........|........| |00000390| 80 10 02 20 01 08 40 04 | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |... ..@.|........| |000003a0| 88 22 88 22 88 22 88 22 | 11 22 44 88 11 22 44 88 |."."."."|."D.."D.| |000003b0| c4 80 0c 68 43 02 30 26 | b1 30 03 1b d8 c0 0c 8d |...hC.0&|.0......| |000003c0| aa 00 aa 00 aa 00 aa 00 | 88 22 55 22 88 22 55 22 |........|."U"."U"| |000003d0| 88 55 22 55 88 55 22 55 | 77 dd 77 dd 77 dd 77 dd |.U"U.U"U|w.w.w.w.| |000003e0| 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | aa 55 aa 55 aa 55 aa 55 |........|.U.U.U.U| |000003f0| 03 84 48 30 0c 02 01 01 | 82 44 39 44 82 01 01 01 |..H0....|.D9D....| |00000400| 88 14 22 41 88 41 22 14 | 80 80 41 3e 08 08 14 e3 |.."A.A".|..A>....| |00000410| 22 04 8c 74 22 17 98 10 | be 80 88 08 eb 08 88 80 |"..t"...|........| |00000420| 25 c8 32 89 64 24 4c 92 | a2 9c 41 be 2a c9 14 eb |%.2.d$L.|..A.*...| |00000430| 40 a0 00 00 04 0a 00 00 | 80 40 20 00 02 04 08 00 |@.......|.@ .....| |00000440| aa 00 80 00 88 00 80 00 | ff 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 |........|........| |00000450| 08 1c 22 c1 80 01 02 04 | ff 80 80 80 ff 08 08 08 |..".....|........| |00000460| f8 74 22 47 8f 17 22 71 | bf 00 bf bf b0 b0 b0 b0 |.t"G.."q|........| |00000470| ff 7f be 5d a2 41 80 00 | fa f5 fa f5 a0 50 a0 50 |...].A..|.....P.P| |00000480| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000490| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000004a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000004b0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000004c0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000004d0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000004e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000004f0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000500| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000510| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000520| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000530| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000540| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000550| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000560| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000570| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000580| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000590| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000005a0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000005b0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000005c0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000005d0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000005e0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000005f0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000600| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000610| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000620| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000630| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000640| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000650| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000660| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000670| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000680| 6f 6e 20 6b 65 79 64 6f | 77 6e 20 77 68 61 74 6b |on keydo|wn whatk| |00000690| 65 79 0d 69 66 20 77 68 | 61 74 6b 65 79 20 3d 20 |ey.if wh|atkey = | |000006a0| 22 08 22 20 74 68 65 6e | 0d 74 79 70 65 20 22 08 |"." then|.type ".| |000006b0| 20 22 0d 65 6c 73 65 0d | 70 61 73 73 20 6b 65 79 | ".else.|pass key| |000006c0| 64 6f 77 6e 0d 65 6e 64 | 20 69 66 0d 65 6e 64 20 |down.end| if.end | |000006d0| 6b 65 79 64 6f 77 6e 0d | 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e |keydown.|function| |000006e0| 20 73 6c 20 77 68 0d 73 | 65 74 20 63 75 72 73 6f | sl wh.s|et curso| |000006f0| 72 20 74 6f 20 34 0d 70 | 75 74 20 6f 6e 65 20 69 |r to 4.p|ut one i| |00000700| 6e 74 6f 20 6c 69 6e 65 | 43 6f 75 6e 74 0d 72 65 |nto line|Count.re| |00000710| 70 65 61 74 20 75 6e 74 | 69 6c 20 6c 69 6e 65 43 |peat unt|il lineC| |00000720| 6f 75 6e 74 20 3d 20 74 | 68 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 |ount = t|he numbe| |00000730| 72 20 6f 66 20 6c 69 6e | 65 73 20 69 6e 20 77 68 |r of lin|es in wh| |00000740| 20 2b 20 31 0d 69 66 20 | 6c 69 6e 65 20 6c 69 6e | + 1.if |line lin| |00000750| 65 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 6f | 66 20 77 68 20 3d 20 22 |ecount o|f wh = "| |00000760| 22 20 74 68 65 6e 0d 64 | 65 6c 65 74 65 20 6c 69 |" then.d|elete li| |00000770| 6e 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 63 | 6f 75 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 |ne linec|ount of | |00000780| 77 68 20 2d 2d 20 52 65 | 6d 6f 76 65 20 42 6c 61 |wh -- Re|move Bla| |00000790| 6e 6b 20 4c 69 6e 65 73 | 0d 6e 65 78 74 20 72 65 |nk Lines|.next re| |000007a0| 70 65 61 74 0d 65 6e 64 | 20 69 66 0d 69 66 20 6c |peat.end| if.if l| |000007b0| 69 6e 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 | 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 6f 66 |ine line|count of| |000007c0| 20 77 68 20 3e 20 6c 69 | 6e 65 20 28 6c 69 6e 65 | wh > li|ne (line| |000007d0| 63 6f 75 6e 74 2d 31 29 | 20 6f 66 20 77 68 20 74 |count-1)| of wh t| |000007e0| 68 65 6e 0d 61 64 64 20 | 6f 6e 65 20 74 6f 20 6c |hen.add |one to l| |000007f0| 69 6e 65 63 6f 75 6e 74 | 0d 6e 65 78 74 20 72 65 |inecount|.next re| |00000800| 70 65 61 74 0d 65 6c 73 | 65 0d 2d 2d 20 46 69 6e |peat.els|e.-- Fin| |00000810| 64 20 6f 75 74 20 77 68 | 65 72 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 |d out wh|ere line| |00000820| 20 62 65 6c 6f 6e 67 73 | 2c 20 70 75 74 20 69 74 | belongs|, put it| |00000830| 20 74 68 65 72 65 2c 20 | 64 65 6c 65 74 65 20 6f | there, |delete o| |00000840| 6c 64 20 6c 69 6e 65 0d | 70 75 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 |ld line.|put line| |00000850| 43 6f 75 6e 74 20 69 6e | 74 6f 20 63 75 72 72 65 |Count in|to curre| |00000860| 6e 6e 0d 72 65 70 65 61 | 74 20 77 69 74 68 20 62 |nn.repea|t with b| |00000870| 61 63 6b 6c 69 6e 65 63 | 6f 75 6e 74 20 3d 20 28 |acklinec|ount = (| |00000880| 63 75 72 72 65 6e 6e 20 | 2d 20 32 29 20 64 6f 77 |currenn |- 2) dow| |00000890| 6e 20 74 6f 20 30 0d 69 | 66 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 63 |n to 0.i|f line c| |000008a0| 75 72 72 65 6e 6e 20 6f | 66 20 77 68 20 3e 20 c2 |urrenn o|f wh > .| |000008b0| 0d 6c 69 6e 65 20 62 61 | 63 6b 6c 69 6e 65 63 6f |.line ba|cklineco| |000008c0| 75 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 77 | 68 20 74 68 65 6e 0d 69 |unt of w|h then.i| |000008d0| 66 20 62 61 63 6b 6c 69 | 6e 65 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 |f backli|necount | |000008e0| ad 20 30 20 74 68 65 6e | 0d 70 75 74 20 20 72 65 |. 0 then|.put re| |000008f0| 74 75 72 6e 20 26 20 6c | 69 6e 65 20 63 75 72 72 |turn & l|ine curr| |00000900| 65 6e 6e 20 6f 66 20 77 | 68 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 |enn of w|h after | |00000910| c2 0d 6c 69 6e 65 20 62 | 61 63 6b 6c 69 6e 65 63 |..line b|acklinec| |00000920| 6f 75 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 | 77 68 0d 65 6c 73 65 0d |ount of |wh.else.| |00000930| 70 75 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 | 20 63 75 72 72 65 6e 6e |put line| currenn| |00000940| 20 6f 66 20 77 68 20 26 | 20 72 65 74 75 72 6e 20 | of wh &| return | |00000950| 62 65 66 6f 72 65 20 c2 | 0d 6c 69 6e 65 20 31 20 |before .|.line 1 | |00000960| 6f 66 20 77 68 0d 65 6e | 64 20 69 66 0d 64 65 6c |of wh.en|d if.del| |00000970| 65 74 65 20 6c 69 6e 65 | 20 28 63 75 72 72 65 6e |ete line| (curren| |00000980| 6e 20 2b 20 31 29 20 6f | 66 20 77 68 0d 65 78 69 |n + 1) o|f wh.exi| |00000990| 74 20 72 65 70 65 61 74 | 0d 65 6e 64 20 69 66 0d |t repeat|.end if.| |000009a0| 65 6e 64 20 72 65 70 65 | 61 74 0d 65 6e 64 20 69 |end repe|at.end i| |000009b0| 66 0d 61 64 64 20 6f 6e | 65 20 74 6f 20 6c 69 6e |f.add on|e to lin| |000009c0| 65 63 6f 75 6e 74 0d 65 | 6e 64 20 72 65 70 65 61 |ecount.e|nd repea| |000009d0| 74 0d 72 65 74 75 72 6e | 20 77 68 0d 65 6e 64 20 |t.return| wh.end | |000009e0| 73 6c 0d 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |sl......|........| |000009f0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000a00| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000a10| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000a20| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000a30| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000a40| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000a50| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000a60| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000a70| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000a80| 00 00 02 00 4d 41 53 54 | ff ff ff ff 00 00 00 00 |....MAST|........| |00000a90| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000aa0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 a4 85 00 01 58 9b |........|......X.| |00000ab0| 00 08 f5 82 00 08 f8 06 | 00 01 55 97 00 08 fb 34 |........|..U....4| |00000ac0| 00 01 82 63 00 02 80 1e | 00 02 c3 76 00 03 11 ed |...c....|...v....| |00000ad0| 00 03 4b 8c 00 03 85 9c | 00 03 99 5a 00 03 b0 8c |..K.....|...Z....| |00000ae0| 00 03 c4 6c 00 03 e8 54 | 00 04 2e 94 00 04 78 b0 |...l...T|......x.| |00000af0| 00 04 89 e5 00 04 b0 23 | 00 04 ed 6c 00 05 27 f4 |.......#|...l..'.| |00000b00| 00 05 89 73 00 05 ea 63 | 00 06 32 75 00 06 71 fa |...s...c|..2u..q.| |00000b10| 00 06 9c 20 00 06 d0 b5 | 00 06 fd 60 00 07 37 ce |... ....|...`..7.| |00000b20| 00 07 bb d1 00 07 fa 69 | 00 08 23 3d 00 08 45 b6 |.......i|..#=..E.| |00000b30| 00 08 7d 86 00 08 b0 c2 | 00 00 60 69 00 00 64 09 |..}.....|..`i..d.| |00000b40| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000b50| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000b60| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000b70| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000b80| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000b90| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000ba0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000bb0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000bc0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000bd0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000be0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000bf0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000c00| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000c10| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000c20| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000c30| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000c40| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000c50| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000c60| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000c70| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000c80| 00 00 00 80 4c 49 53 54 | 00 00 2e 69 00 00 00 00 |....LIST|...i....| |00000c90| 00 00 00 01 00 00 08 00 | 00 00 00 1f 00 1c 00 02 |........|........| |00000ca0| 00 06 00 03 20 00 06 00 | 00 00 00 1f 00 00 00 00 |.... ...|........| |00000cb0| 00 00 2f 09 00 1f 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |../.....|........| |00000cc0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000cd0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000ce0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000cf0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00000d00| 00 00 08 00 50 41 47 45 | 00 00 2f 09 00 00 00 00 |....PAGE|../.....| |00000d10| 00 00 2e 69 55 28 b2 84 | 00 00 0b 9b 60 7f 7f fd |...iU(..|....`...| |00000d20| ff ff ff f7 ff ff ff ff | 7f ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |........|........| |00000d30| ff f7 fe fc 00 00 10 63 | 20 7f ff ff ff ff ff ff |.......c| .......| |00000d40| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff fc |........|........| |00000d50| 00 00 11 1e 20 7f ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |.... ...|........| |00000d60| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff fc 00 00 12 76 |........|.......v| |00000d70| 20 7f ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | .......|........| |00000d80| ff f7 ff ff ff ff ff fc | 00 00 13 ed 20 7f ff ff |........|.... ...| |00000d90| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff df ff ff ff |........|........| |00000da0| ff ff ff fc 00 00 14 8c | 20 7f ff ff ff ff ff fd |........| .......| |00000db0| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff fc |........|........| |00000dc0| 00 00 15 9c 20 7f ef f7 | ff f0 f7 f7 ef f7 17 bf |.... ...|........| |00000dd0| 79 7f db 78 d7 73 fb bf | 5b cf 3f fc 00 00 16 5a |y..x.s..|[.?....Z| |00000de0| 20 7d 7d ff db eb ff 7e | fe df ff 7b 5f 77 d7 fb | }}....~|...{_w..| |00000df0| e1 f7 d9 b7 df ff de fc | 00 00 17 8c 20 7f 1f ff |........|.... ...| |00000e00| eb f2 f7 7c bf 9e 5f cf | 77 f3 57 5f e7 f7 fc ff |...|.._.|w.W_....| |00000e10| 5f f3 bf fc 00 00 18 6c | 20 7f ff 77 ff df f7 ff |_......l| ..w....| |00000e20| ff 7f ff df cf ff ff 6f | df ff ff e7 ff ff ff fc |.......o|........| |00000e30| 00 00 19 54 20 7f ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |...T ...|........| |00000e40| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff fc 00 00 1a 94 |........|........| |00000e50| 20 7f ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff f7 ff | .......|........| |00000e60| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff fc | 00 00 1b b0 20 7f 6f b7 |........|.... .o.| |00000e70| e7 db ed f5 7f cf 6e fb | fb bc d7 7f 5f 77 3d ff |......n.|...._w=.| |00000e80| fe c5 ff ec 00 00 1c e5 | 20 3b df ff ff 9f ff 7f |........| ;......| |00000e90| ff ff ff ff df ff ff 7b | ff ff ff ff ff fb ff fc |.......{|........| |00000ea0| 00 00 1d 23 20 7f ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff df ff ff |...# ...|........| |00000eb0| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ef ff ff fc 00 00 1e 6c |........|.......l| |00000ec0| 20 7f ff ff ff ff f7 ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | .......|........| |00000ed0| ff ef ff ff ff ef ff fc | 00 00 1f f4 20 7f ff ff |........|.... ...| |00000ee0| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |........|........| |00000ef0| ff ff ff fc 00 00 20 73 | 20 7f ff ff ff ff ff ff |...... s| .......| |00000f00| ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff fc |........|........| |00000f10| 00 00 21 63 20 7f ff ff | ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |..!c ...|........| |00000f20| ef ff ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff fc 00 00 22 75 |........|......"u| |00000f30| 20 7f ff ff ff ff ff ff | ff ff ff ff df ff ff fb | .......|........| |00000f40| ff ff ff ff ff ff f7 fc | 00 00 23 fa 20 7f ff ff |........|..#. ...| |00000f50| ff ff ff ff ff ff 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68 69 | 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 73 65 |d anythi|ng to se| |000022e0| 61 72 63 68 20 66 6f 72 | 2e 22 0d 65 78 69 74 20 |arch for|.".exit | |000022f0| 6d 6f 75 73 65 75 70 0d | 65 6e 64 20 69 66 0d 70 |mouseup.|end if.p| |00002300| 75 74 20 73 74 65 78 74 | 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 68 6f |ut stext| into ho| |00002310| 6c 64 65 72 0d 70 75 74 | 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 6d |lder.put| the num| |00002320| 62 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 69 73 20 63 64 20 69 |ber of t|his cd i| |00002330| 6e 74 6f 20 6e 75 6d 0d | 70 75 74 20 22 22 20 69 |nto num.|put "" i| |00002340| 6e 74 6f 20 6c 69 73 74 | 0d 70 75 74 20 22 4f 6e |nto list|.put "On| |00002350| 65 20 6d 6f 6d 65 6e 74 | 20 70 6c 65 61 73 65 2e |e moment| please.| |00002360| 2e 2e 22 0d 70 75 74 20 | 22 53 65 61 72 63 68 69 |..".put |"Searchi| |00002370| 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 20 6c | 69 6e 6b 73 20 74 6f 20 |ng for l|inks to | |00002380| d2 22 20 26 20 68 6f 6c | 64 65 72 20 26 20 22 d3 |." & hol|der & ".| |00002390| 2e 2e 2e 22 0d 70 75 74 | 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 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Al| |00003340| 6f 6e 67 20 69 74 73 20 | 77 65 73 74 65 72 6e 20 |ong its |western | |00003350| 62 6f 72 64 65 72 73 20 | 6c 69 65 20 4e 6f 72 77 |borders |lie Norw| |00003360| 61 79 2c 20 46 69 6e 6c | 61 6e 64 2c 20 50 6f 6c |ay, Finl|and, Pol| |00003370| 61 6e 64 2c 20 43 7a 65 | 63 68 6f 73 6c 6f 76 61 |and, Cze|choslova| |00003380| 6b 69 61 2c 20 48 75 6e | 67 61 72 79 2c 20 61 6e |kia, Hun|gary, an| |00003390| 64 20 52 6f 6d 61 6e 69 | 61 3b 20 74 6f 20 69 74 |d Romani|a; to it| |000033a0| 73 20 73 6f 75 74 68 20 | 61 72 65 20 54 75 72 6b |s south |are Turk| |000033b0| 65 79 2c 20 49 72 61 6e | 2c 20 41 66 67 68 61 6e |ey, Iran|, Afghan| |000033c0| 69 73 74 61 6e 2c 20 43 | 68 69 6e 61 2c 20 4d 6f |istan, C|hina, Mo| |000033d0| 6e 67 6f 6c 69 61 2c 20 | 61 6e 64 20 4e 6f 72 74 |ngolia, |and Nort| |000033e0| 68 20 4b 6f 72 65 61 2e | 20 54 68 65 20 41 72 63 |h Korea.| The Arc| |000033f0| 74 69 63 20 4f 63 65 61 | 6e 20 66 6f 72 6d 73 20 |tic Ocea|n forms | |00003400| 74 68 65 20 6e 6f 72 74 | 68 65 72 6e 20 62 6f 75 |the nort|hern bou| |00003410| 6e 64 61 72 79 3b 20 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 20 65 61 |ndary; t|o the ea| |00003420| 73 74 20 6c 69 65 73 20 | 74 68 65 20 50 61 63 69 |st lies |the Paci| |00003430| 66 69 63 20 4f 63 65 61 | 6e 2e 20 4e 65 69 74 68 |fic Ocea|n. Neith| |00003440| 65 72 20 74 68 65 73 65 | 20 63 6f 61 73 74 73 20 |er these| coasts | |00003450| 6e 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 | 42 61 6c 74 69 63 20 61 |nor the |Baltic a| |00003460| 6e 64 20 42 6c 61 63 6b | 20 73 65 61 73 20 61 66 |nd Black| seas af| |00003470| 66 6f 72 64 20 74 68 65 | 20 55 53 53 52 20 64 69 |ford the| USSR di| |00003480| 72 65 63 74 20 61 63 63 | 65 73 73 20 74 6f 20 74 |rect acc|ess to t| |00003490| 68 65 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 | 27 73 20 6d 61 6a 6f 72 |he world|'s major| |000034a0| 20 73 68 69 70 70 69 6e | 67 20 6c 61 6e 65 73 2e | shippin|g lanes.| |000034b0| 0d 0d 20 54 68 65 20 55 | 53 53 52 20 77 61 73 20 |.. The U|SSR was | |000034c0| 66 6f 72 6d 65 64 20 6f | 6e 20 44 65 63 2e 20 33 |formed o|n Dec. 3| |000034d0| 30 2c 20 31 39 32 32 2c | 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 72 69 |0, 1922,| and ori| |000034e0| 67 69 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 | 63 6f 6e 73 69 73 74 65 |ginally |consiste| |000034f0| 64 20 6f 66 20 34 20 6d | 65 6d 62 65 72 20 72 65 |d of 4 m|ember re| |00003500| 70 75 62 6c 69 63 73 2e | 20 54 68 72 6f 75 67 68 |publics.| Through| |00003510| 20 73 75 62 64 69 76 69 | 73 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 | subdivi|sion and| |00003520| 20 61 6e 6e 65 78 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 2c 20 74 68 65 | annexat|ion, the| |00003530| 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 20 | 6f 66 20 66 75 6c 6c 2c | number |of full,| |00003540| 20 6f 72 20 22 75 6e 69 | 6f 6e 2c 22 20 72 65 70 | or "uni|on," rep| |00003550| 75 62 6c 69 63 73 20 69 | 6e 63 72 65 61 73 65 64 |ublics i|ncreased| |00003560| 20 74 6f 20 31 35 20 62 | 79 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e | to 15 b|y the en| |00003570| 64 20 6f 66 20 57 6f 72 | 6c 64 20 57 61 72 20 49 |d of Wor|ld War I| |00003580| 49 2e 20 57 69 74 68 69 | 6e 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 53 |I. Withi|n most S| |00003590| 6f 76 69 65 74 20 72 65 | 70 75 62 6c 69 63 73 20 |oviet re|publics | |000035a0| 73 6d 61 6c 6c 65 72 20 | 65 74 68 6e 69 63 20 67 |smaller |ethnic g| |000035b0| 72 6f 75 70 73 20 72 65 | 63 65 69 76 65 64 20 74 |roups re|ceived t| |000035c0| 65 72 72 69 74 6f 72 69 | 61 6c 20 72 65 70 72 65 |erritori|al repre| |000035d0| 73 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f | 6e 2e 20 54 68 75 73 2c |sentatio|n. Thus,| |000035e0| 20 69 6e 20 61 64 64 69 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f 20 | in addi|tion to | |000035f0| 74 68 65 20 31 35 20 75 | 6e 69 6f 6e 20 72 65 70 |the 15 u|nion rep| |00003600| 75 62 6c 69 63 73 2c 20 | 74 68 65 72 65 20 65 78 |ublics, |there ex| |00003610| 69 73 74 20 32 30 20 61 | 75 74 6f 6e 6f 6d 6f 75 |ist 20 a|utonomou| |00003620| 73 20 72 65 70 75 62 6c | 69 63 73 2c 20 38 20 61 |s republ|ics, 8 a| |00003630| 75 74 6f 6e 6f 6d 6f 75 | 73 20 72 65 67 69 6f 6e |utonomou|s region| |00003640| 73 2c 20 31 30 20 61 75 | 74 6f 6e 6f 6d 6f 75 73 |s, 10 au|tonomous| |00003650| 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 63 | 74 73 2c 20 36 20 74 65 | distric|ts, 6 te| |00003660| 72 72 69 74 6f 72 69 65 | 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 31 |rritorie|s, and 1| |00003670| 32 33 20 72 65 67 69 6f | 6e 73 2e 20 54 68 65 73 |23 regio|ns. Thes| |00003680| 65 20 65 74 68 6e 6f 2d | 74 65 72 72 69 74 6f 72 |e ethno-|territor| |00003690| 69 61 6c 20 75 6e 69 74 | 73 20 61 72 65 20 67 6f |ial unit|s are go| |000036a0| 76 65 72 6e 65 64 20 62 | 79 20 70 6f 70 75 6c 61 |verned b|y popula| |000036b0| 72 6c 79 20 65 6c 65 63 | 74 65 64 20 53 6f 76 69 |rly elec|ted Sovi| |000036c0| 65 74 73 20 28 43 6f 75 | 6e 63 69 6c 73 29 20 6f |ets (Cou|ncils) o| |000036d0| 66 20 50 65 6f 70 6c 65 | 27 73 20 44 65 70 75 74 |f People|'s Deput| |000036e0| 69 65 73 2e 20 46 6f 72 | 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 74 68 |ies. For| more th| |000036f0| 61 6e 20 73 69 78 20 64 | 65 63 61 64 65 73 2c 20 |an six d|ecades, | |00003700| 61 6c 6c 20 63 6f 6e 73 | 74 69 74 75 65 6e 74 20 |all cons|tituent | |00003710| 72 65 70 75 62 6c 69 63 | 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |republic|s of the| |00003720| 20 55 53 53 52 20 77 65 | 72 65 20 73 75 62 6f 72 | USSR we|re subor| |00003730| 64 69 6e 61 74 65 64 20 | 74 6f 20 63 65 6e 74 72 |dinated |to centr| |00003740| 61 6c 20 69 6e 73 74 69 | 74 75 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 |al insti|tutions | |00003750| 62 61 73 65 64 20 69 6e | 20 4d 6f 73 63 6f 77 2e |based in| Moscow.| |00003760| 20 54 68 69 73 20 72 65 | 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 68 | This re|lationsh| |00003770| 69 70 20 72 65 63 65 6e | 74 6c 79 20 68 61 73 20 |ip recen|tly has | |00003780| 62 65 65 6e 20 63 68 61 | 6c 6c 65 6e 67 65 64 2c |been cha|llenged,| |00003790| 20 69 6e 69 74 69 61 6c | 6c 79 20 62 79 20 74 68 | initial|ly by th| |000037a0| 65 20 42 61 6c 74 69 63 | 20 72 65 70 75 62 6c 69 |e Baltic| republi| |000037b0| 63 73 20 61 6e 64 20 74 | 68 65 6e 20 62 79 20 6f |cs and t|hen by o| |000037c0| 74 68 65 72 73 2c 20 61 | 6e 64 20 69 73 20 70 72 |thers, a|nd is pr| |000037d0| 65 73 65 6e 74 6c 79 20 | 74 68 65 20 73 75 62 6a |esently |the subj| |000037e0| 65 63 74 20 6f 66 20 72 | 65 6e 65 67 6f 74 69 61 |ect of r|enegotia| |000037f0| 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0d 20 | 56 69 72 74 75 61 6c 6c |tion... |Virtuall| |00003800| 79 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 | 68 65 20 4f 63 74 6f 62 |y from t|he Octob| |00003810| 65 72 20 52 65 76 6f 6c | 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 |er Revol|ution of| |00003820| 20 31 39 31 37 2c 20 74 | 68 65 20 73 6f 76 69 65 | 1917, t|he sovie| |00003830| 74 73 20 77 65 72 65 20 | 64 6f 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 |ts were |dominate| |00003840| 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 | 20 43 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 |d by the| Communi| |00003850| 73 74 20 70 61 72 74 79 | 2e 20 41 63 63 6f 72 64 |st party|. Accord| |00003860| 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 41 | 72 74 69 63 6c 65 20 36 |ing to A|rticle 6| |00003870| 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 | 6d 6f 73 74 20 72 65 63 | of the |most rec| |00003880| 65 6e 74 20 28 31 39 37 | 37 29 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 |ent (197|7) const| |00003890| 69 74 75 74 69 6f 6e 2c | 20 74 68 65 20 43 6f 6d |itution,| the Com| |000038a0| 6d 75 6e 69 73 74 20 50 | 61 72 74 79 20 6f 66 20 |munist P|arty of | |000038b0| 74 68 65 20 53 6f 76 69 | 65 74 20 55 6e 69 6f 6e |the Sovi|et Union| |000038c0| 20 28 43 50 53 55 29 20 | 63 6f 6e 73 74 69 74 75 | (CPSU) |constitu| |000038d0| 74 65 73 20 22 74 68 65 | 20 6c 65 61 64 69 6e 67 |tes "the| leading| |000038e0| 20 61 6e 64 20 64 69 72 | 65 63 74 69 6e 67 20 66 | and dir|ecting f| |000038f0| 6f 72 63 65 20 6f 66 20 | 53 6f 76 69 65 74 20 73 |orce of |Soviet s| |00003900| 6f 63 69 65 74 79 20 61 | 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 6e |ociety a|nd the n| |00003910| 75 63 6c 65 75 73 20 6f | 66 20 69 74 73 20 70 6f |ucleus o|f its po| |00003920| 6c 69 74 69 63 61 6c 20 | 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2e 22 |litical |system."| |00003930| 20 55 6e 64 65 72 20 4d | 69 6b 68 61 69 6c 20 47 | Under M|ikhail G| |00003940| 4f 52 42 41 43 48 45 56 | 2c 20 6c 65 61 64 65 72 |ORBACHEV|, leader| |00003950| 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 | 63 6f 75 6e 74 72 79 20 | of the |country | |00003960| 73 69 6e 63 65 20 31 39 | 38 35 2c 20 74 68 65 20 |since 19|85, the | |00003970| 70 61 72 74 79 20 68 61 | 73 20 66 6f 72 6d 61 6c |party ha|s formal| |00003980| 6c 79 20 61 62 61 6e 64 | 6f 6e 65 64 20 74 68 69 |ly aband|oned thi| |00003990| 73 20 70 6f 73 69 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 69 |s positi|on and i| |000039a0| 73 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 | 69 6e 67 20 66 6f 72 20 |s search|ing for | |000039b0| 61 20 6e 65 77 20 72 6f | 6c 65 20 66 6f 72 20 69 |a new ro|le for i| |000039c0| 74 73 65 6c 66 20 77 69 | 74 68 69 6e 20 61 20 76 |tself wi|thin a v| |000039d0| 61 73 74 6c 79 20 61 6c | 74 65 72 65 64 20 70 6f |astly al|tered po| |000039e0| 6c 69 74 69 63 61 6c 20 | 65 6e 76 69 72 6f 6e 6d |litical |environm| |000039f0| 65 6e 74 2e 0d 0d 20 54 | 68 61 6e 6b 73 20 74 6f |ent... T|hanks to| |00003a00| 20 69 74 73 20 69 6d 6d | 65 6e 73 65 20 73 69 7a | its imm|ense siz| |00003a10| 65 2c 20 74 68 65 20 55 | 53 53 52 20 63 6f 6e 74 |e, the U|SSR cont| |00003a20| 61 69 6e 73 20 61 6e 20 | 61 62 75 6e 64 61 6e 63 |ains an |abundanc| |00003a30| 65 20 6f 66 20 72 61 77 | 20 6d 61 74 65 72 69 61 |e of raw| materia| |00003a40| 6c 2c 20 66 75 65 6c 2c | 20 61 6e 64 20 70 6f 77 |l, fuel,| and pow| |00003a50| 65 72 20 72 65 73 6f 75 | 72 63 65 73 2c 20 77 68 |er resou|rces, wh| |00003a60| 69 63 68 20 66 69 72 73 | 74 20 62 65 67 61 6e 20 |ich firs|t began | |00003a70| 74 6f 20 62 65 20 65 78 | 74 65 6e 73 69 76 65 6c |to be ex|tensivel| |00003a80| 79 20 65 78 70 6c 6f 69 | 74 65 64 20 64 75 72 69 |y exploi|ted duri| |00003a90| 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 69 | 6e 64 75 73 74 72 69 61 |ng the i|ndustria| |00003aa0| 6c 69 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e | 20 64 72 69 76 65 20 6f |lization| drive o| |00003ab0| 66 20 74 68 65 20 31 39 | 33 30 73 2e 20 54 68 65 |f the 19|30s. The| |00003ac0| 20 65 6d 70 68 61 73 69 | 73 20 6f 66 20 53 6f 76 | emphasi|s of Sov| |00003ad0| 69 65 74 20 69 6e 64 75 | 73 74 72 69 61 6c 69 7a |iet indu|strializ| |00003ae0| 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 77 61 | 73 20 6f 6e 20 68 65 61 |ation wa|s on hea| |00003af0| 76 79 20 69 6e 64 75 73 | 74 72 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 |vy indus|try, and| |00003b00| 20 74 68 69 73 20 72 65 | 6d 61 69 6e 65 64 20 74 | this re|mained t| |00003b10| 68 65 20 63 61 73 65 20 | 77 65 6c 6c 20 69 6e 74 |he case |well int| |00003b20| 6f 20 74 68 65 20 70 6f | 73 74 2d 57 6f 72 6c 64 |o the po|st-World| |00003b30| 20 57 61 72 20 49 49 20 | 65 72 61 2e 20 49 6e 20 | War II |era. In | |00003b40| 6d 6f 72 65 20 72 65 63 | 65 6e 74 20 64 65 63 61 |more rec|ent deca| |00003b50| 64 65 73 2c 20 74 68 65 | 20 72 61 77 2d 6d 61 74 |des, the| raw-mat| |00003b60| 65 72 69 61 6c 73 20 62 | 61 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 |erials b|ase of t| |00003b70| 68 65 20 55 53 53 52 20 | 68 61 73 20 73 68 69 66 |he USSR |has shif| |00003b80| 74 65 64 20 65 61 73 74 | 77 61 72 64 2e 20 56 69 |ted east|ward. Vi| |00003b90| 72 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 | 61 6c 6c 20 73 75 62 73 |rtually |all subs| |00003ba0| 74 61 6e 74 69 61 6c 20 | 69 6e 64 75 73 74 72 69 |tantial |industri| |00003bb0| 61 6c 20 65 6e 74 65 72 | 70 72 69 73 65 73 20 61 |al enter|prises a| |00003bc0| 72 65 20 73 74 61 74 65 | 20 6f 77 6e 65 64 2c 20 |re state| owned, | |00003bd0| 74 68 6f 75 67 68 20 73 | 6d 61 6c 6c 2d 73 63 61 |though s|mall-sca| |00003be0| 6c 65 20 70 72 6f 64 75 | 63 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 |le produ|cer and | |00003bf0| 73 65 72 76 69 63 65 20 | 63 6f 6f 70 65 72 61 74 |service |cooperat| |00003c00| 69 76 65 73 20 61 6e 64 | 20 6a 6f 69 6e 74 20 6f |ives and| joint o| |00003c10| 77 6e 65 72 73 68 69 70 | 20 6f 66 20 69 6e 64 75 |wnership| of indu| |00003c20| 73 74 72 69 61 6c 20 65 | 6e 74 65 72 70 72 69 73 |strial e|nterpris| |00003c30| 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 20 | 66 6f 72 65 69 67 6e 20 |es with |foreign | |00003c40| 66 69 72 6d 73 20 6e 6f | 77 20 65 78 69 73 74 2e |firms no|w exist.| |00003c50| 0d 0d 20 44 65 73 70 69 | 74 65 20 70 72 6f 64 69 |.. Despi|te prodi| |00003c60| 67 69 6f 75 73 20 61 64 | 76 61 6e 63 65 73 20 69 |gious ad|vances i| |00003c70| 6e 20 63 65 72 74 61 69 | 6e 20 66 69 65 6c 64 73 |n certai|n fields| |00003c80| 2c 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 6e | 6f 74 61 62 6c 79 20 65 |, most n|otably e| |00003c90| 64 75 63 61 74 69 6f 6e | 20 61 6e 64 20 61 65 72 |ducation| and aer| |00003ca0| 6f 73 70 61 63 65 20 74 | 65 63 68 6e 6f 6c 6f 67 |ospace t|echnolog| |00003cb0| 79 2c 20 74 68 65 20 55 | 53 53 52 20 68 61 73 20 |y, the U|SSR has | |00003cc0| 6c 61 67 67 65 64 20 63 | 6f 6e 73 69 64 65 72 61 |lagged c|onsidera| |00003cd0| 62 6c 79 20 69 6e 20 74 | 68 65 20 64 65 76 65 6c |bly in t|he devel| |00003ce0| 6f 70 6d 65 6e 74 20 6f | 66 20 6e 65 77 65 72 20 |opment o|f newer | |00003cf0| 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 | 2d 62 61 73 65 64 20 74 |computer|-based t| |00003d00| 65 63 68 6e 6f 6c 6f 67 | 69 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 |echnolog|ies and | |00003d10| 74 68 65 20 61 76 61 69 | 6c 61 62 69 6c 69 74 79 |the avai|lability| |00003d20| 20 61 6e 64 20 71 75 61 | 6c 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 | and qua|lity of | |00003d30| 68 6f 75 73 69 6e 67 20 | 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 6e 73 |housing |and cons| |00003d40| 75 6d 65 72 20 67 6f 6f | 64 73 2e 20 49 6e 20 61 |umer goo|ds. In a| |00003d50| 67 72 69 63 75 6c 74 75 | 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 55 |gricultu|re the U| |00003d60| 53 53 52 20 69 73 20 74 | 68 65 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 |SSR is t|he world| |00003d70| 27 73 20 6c 61 72 67 65 | 73 74 20 70 72 6f 64 75 |'s large|st produ| |00003d80| 63 65 72 20 6f 66 20 77 | 68 65 61 74 2c 20 70 6f |cer of w|heat, po| |00003d90| 74 61 74 6f 65 73 2c 20 | 63 6f 74 74 6f 6e 2c 20 |tatoes, |cotton, | |00003da0| 61 6e 64 20 73 75 67 61 | 72 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 |and suga|r. These| |00003db0| 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 | 65 72 20 63 72 6f 70 73 | and oth|er crops| |00003dc0| 20 61 72 65 20 70 72 6f | 64 75 63 65 64 20 70 72 | are pro|duced pr| |00003dd0| 69 6d 61 72 69 6c 79 20 | 6f 6e 20 73 74 61 74 65 |imarily |on state| |00003de0| 20 66 61 72 6d 73 20 28 | 73 6f 76 6b 68 6f 7a 79 | farms (|sovkhozy| |00003df0| 29 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6f | 6c 6c 65 63 74 69 76 65 |) and co|llective| |00003e00| 20 66 61 72 6d 73 20 28 | 6b 6f 6c 6b 68 6f 7a 79 | farms (|kolkhozy| |00003e10| 29 2e 20 50 72 69 76 61 | 74 65 20 67 61 72 64 65 |). Priva|te garde| |00003e20| 6e 20 70 6c 6f 74 73 2c | 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 63 |n plots,| which c| |00003e30| 6f 6e 73 74 69 74 75 74 | 65 20 6c 65 73 73 20 74 |onstitut|e less t| |00003e40| 68 61 6e 20 34 25 20 6f | 66 20 61 72 61 62 6c 65 |han 4% o|f arable| |00003e50| 20 6c 61 6e 64 2c 20 61 | 63 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 66 | land, a|ccount f| |00003e60| 6f 72 20 61 20 6d 75 63 | 68 20 6c 61 72 67 65 72 |or a muc|h larger| |00003e70| 20 70 72 6f 70 6f 72 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 63 | proport|ion of c| |00003e80| 65 72 74 61 69 6e 20 76 | 65 67 65 74 61 62 6c 65 |ertain v|egetable| |00003e90| 20 61 6e 64 20 64 61 69 | 72 79 20 70 72 6f 64 75 | and dai|ry produ| |00003ea0| 63 74 73 2e 20 41 73 20 | 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 |cts. As |with the| |00003eb0| 20 70 6f 6c 69 74 69 63 | 61 6c 20 63 6f 6e 66 69 | politic|al confi| |00003ec0| 67 75 72 61 74 69 6f 6e | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |guration| of the | |00003ed0| 55 53 53 52 2c 20 69 74 | 73 20 69 6e 64 75 73 74 |USSR, it|s indust| |00003ee0| 72 69 61 6c 20 61 6e 64 | 20 61 67 72 69 63 75 6c |rial and| agricul| |00003ef0| 74 75 72 61 6c 20 73 79 | 73 74 65 6d 73 20 61 72 |tural sy|stems ar| |00003f00| 65 20 77 69 64 65 6c 79 | 20 72 65 63 6f 67 6e 69 |e widely| recogni| |00003f10| 7a 65 64 20 61 73 20 62 | 65 69 6e 67 20 75 6e 77 |zed as b|eing unw| |00003f20| 6f 72 6b 61 62 6c 65 20 | 61 6e 64 20 61 72 65 20 |orkable |and are | |00003f30| 73 63 68 65 64 75 6c 65 | 64 20 66 6f 72 20 61 20 |schedule|d for a | |00003f40| 6d 61 73 73 69 76 65 20 | 6f 76 65 72 68 61 75 6c |massive |overhaul| |00003f50| 2e 0d 0d 20 54 68 65 20 | 53 6f 76 69 65 74 20 55 |... The |Soviet U| |00003f60| 6e 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 20 | 6d 6f 72 65 20 6f 72 20 |nion is |more or | |00003f70| 6c 65 73 73 20 63 6f 65 | 78 74 65 6e 73 69 76 65 |less coe|xtensive| |00003f80| 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 | 65 20 52 75 73 73 69 61 | with th|e Russia| |00003f90| 6e 20 45 6d 70 69 72 65 | 2c 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 |n Empire|, which | |00003fa0| 77 61 73 20 6f 76 65 72 | 74 68 72 6f 77 6e 20 62 |was over|thrown b| |00003fb0| 79 20 74 68 65 20 52 55 | 53 53 49 41 4e 20 52 45 |y the RU|SSIAN RE| |00003fc0| 56 4f 4c 55 54 49 4f 4e | 53 20 6f 66 20 31 39 31 |VOLUTION|S of 191| |00003fd0| 37 2e 20 41 20 63 69 76 | 69 6c 20 77 61 72 20 66 |7. A civ|il war f| |00003fe0| 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 | 69 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 |ollowed |in which| |00003ff0| 20 74 68 65 20 42 4f 4c | 53 48 45 56 49 4b 53 20 | the BOL|SHEVIKS | |00004000| 28 43 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 | 73 74 73 29 2c 20 6c 65 |(Communi|sts), le| |00004010| 64 20 62 79 20 56 2e 49 | 2e 20 4c 45 4e 49 4e 2c |d by V.I|. LENIN,| |00004020| 20 70 72 65 76 61 69 6c | 65 64 2e 20 41 66 74 65 | prevail|ed. Afte| |00004030| 72 20 4c 65 6e 69 6e 27 | 73 20 64 65 61 74 68 20 |r Lenin'|s death | |00004040| 28 31 39 32 34 29 2c 20 | 4a 6f 73 65 70 68 20 53 |(1924), |Joseph S| |00004050| 54 41 4c 49 4e 20 73 65 | 69 7a 65 64 20 70 6f 77 |TALIN se|ized pow| |00004060| 65 72 2c 20 64 65 66 65 | 61 74 69 6e 67 20 69 6e |er, defe|ating in| |00004070| 20 74 75 72 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 4c 65 66 74 20 4f | turn th|e Left O| |00004080| 70 70 6f 73 69 74 69 6f | 6e 20 75 6e 64 65 72 20 |ppositio|n under | |00004090| 4c 65 6f 6e 20 54 52 4f | 54 53 4b 59 20 61 6e 64 |Leon TRO|TSKY and| |000040a0| 20 74 68 65 20 52 69 67 | 68 74 20 4f 70 70 6f 73 | the Rig|ht Oppos| |000040b0| 69 74 69 6f 6e 69 73 74 | 73 2c 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 |itionist|s, inclu| |000040c0| 64 69 6e 67 20 4e 69 6b | 6f 6c 61 69 20 42 55 4b |ding Nik|olai BUK| |000040d0| 48 41 52 49 4e 2e 20 53 | 74 61 6c 69 6e 20 6c 61 |HARIN. S|talin la| |000040e0| 75 6e 63 68 65 64 20 63 | 61 6d 70 61 69 67 6e 73 |unched c|ampaigns| |000040f0| 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6c 6c | 65 63 74 69 76 69 7a 65 | to coll|ectivize| |00004100| 20 61 67 72 69 63 75 6c | 74 75 72 65 20 61 6e 64 | agricul|ture and| |00004110| 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f 70 | 20 68 65 61 76 79 20 69 | develop| heavy i| |00004120| 6e 64 75 73 74 72 79 3b | 20 68 65 20 70 72 6f 76 |ndustry;| he prov| |00004130| 69 64 65 64 20 74 68 65 | 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 72 79 |ided the| country| |00004140| 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 | 6d 6f 64 65 72 6e 20 69 | with a |modern i| |00004150| 6e 64 75 73 74 72 69 61 | 6c 20 62 61 73 65 2c 20 |ndustria|l base, | |00004160| 62 75 74 20 61 74 20 74 | 68 65 20 63 6f 73 74 20 |but at t|he cost | |00004170| 6f 66 20 6d 61 73 73 69 | 76 65 20 73 6f 63 69 61 |of massi|ve socia| |00004180| 6c 20 64 69 73 6c 6f 63 | 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 76 |l disloc|ation, v| |00004190| 69 6f 6c 65 6e 63 65 2c | 20 61 6e 64 20 6c 6f 73 |iolence,| and los| |000041a0| 73 20 6f 66 20 6c 69 66 | 65 2e 20 4e 6f 20 6c 65 |s of lif|e. No le| |000041b0| 73 73 20 74 72 61 75 6d | 61 74 69 63 20 77 61 73 |ss traum|atic was| |000041c0| 20 74 68 65 20 47 52 45 | 41 54 20 50 55 52 47 45 | the GRE|AT PURGE| |000041d0| 20 6f 66 20 31 39 33 36 | 2d 33 38 2c 20 61 20 72 | of 1936|-38, a r| |000041e0| 65 69 67 6e 20 6f 66 20 | 74 65 72 72 6f 72 20 69 |eign of |terror i| |000041f0| 6e 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 | 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e 73 |n which |millions| |00004200| 20 70 65 72 69 73 68 65 | 64 2e 20 54 68 69 73 20 | perishe|d. This | |00004210| 77 61 73 20 66 6f 6c 6c | 6f 77 65 64 20 62 79 20 |was foll|owed by | |00004220| 74 68 65 20 64 65 76 61 | 73 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 |the deva|station | |00004230| 6f 66 20 57 6f 72 6c 64 | 20 57 61 72 20 49 49 2c |of World| War II,| |00004240| 20 72 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 | 72 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 | remembe|red with| |00004250| 20 70 72 69 64 65 20 62 | 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 6f | pride b|ecause o| |00004260| 66 20 74 68 65 20 53 6f | 76 69 65 74 20 76 69 63 |f the So|viet vic| |00004270| 74 6f 72 79 20 6f 76 65 | 72 20 74 68 65 20 47 65 |tory ove|r the Ge| |00004280| 72 6d 61 6e 20 69 6e 76 | 61 64 65 72 73 2e 0d 0d |rman inv|aders...| |00004290| 20 54 68 65 20 64 65 61 | 74 68 20 6f 66 20 53 74 | The dea|th of St| |000042a0| 61 6c 69 6e 20 69 6e 20 | 31 39 35 33 20 77 61 73 |alin in |1953 was| |000042b0| 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 65 | 64 20 62 79 20 61 20 22 | followe|d by a "| |000042c0| 74 68 61 77 22 20 69 6e | 20 63 75 6c 74 75 72 61 |thaw" in| cultura| |000042d0| 6c 20 70 6f 6c 69 63 79 | 20 61 6e 64 20 61 20 70 |l policy| and a p| |000042e0| 65 72 69 6f 64 20 6f 66 | 20 65 63 6f 6e 6f 6d 69 |eriod of| economi| |000042f0| 63 20 61 6e 64 20 70 6f | 6c 69 74 69 63 61 6c 20 |c and po|litical | |00004300| 72 65 66 6f 72 6d 20 75 | 6e 64 65 72 20 4e 69 6b |reform u|nder Nik| |00004310| 69 74 61 20 53 2e 20 4b | 48 52 55 53 48 43 48 45 |ita S. K|HRUSHCHE| |00004320| 56 2e 20 49 6e 20 4f 63 | 74 6f 62 65 72 20 31 39 |V. In Oc|tober 19| |00004330| 36 34 2c 20 68 6f 77 65 | 76 65 72 2c 20 4b 68 72 |64, howe|ver, Khr| |00004340| 75 73 68 63 68 65 76 20 | 77 61 73 20 66 6f 72 63 |ushchev |was forc| |00004350| 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 65 | 73 69 67 6e 20 62 65 63 |ed to re|sign bec| |00004360| 61 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 | 74 68 65 20 66 61 69 6c |ause of |the fail| |00004370| 75 72 65 20 6f 66 20 68 | 69 73 20 61 67 72 69 63 |ure of h|is agric| |00004380| 75 6c 74 75 72 61 6c 20 | 70 6f 6c 69 63 69 65 73 |ultural |policies| |00004390| 2c 20 68 69 73 20 73 68 | 61 6b 65 75 70 20 6f 66 |, his sh|akeup of| |000043a0| 20 74 68 65 20 70 61 72 | 74 79 20 73 74 72 75 63 | the par|ty struc| |000043b0| 74 75 72 65 2c 20 61 6e | 64 20 61 20 73 65 72 69 |ture, an|d a seri| |000043c0| 65 73 20 6f 66 20 64 69 | 70 6c 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 |es of di|plomatic| |000043d0| 20 64 65 66 65 61 74 73 | 2e 20 48 69 73 20 73 75 | defeats|. His su| |000043e0| 63 63 65 73 73 6f 72 2c | 20 4c 65 6f 6e 69 64 20 |ccessor,| Leonid | |000043f0| 49 2e 20 42 52 45 5a 48 | 4e 45 56 2c 20 70 72 65 |I. BREZH|NEV, pre| |00004400| 73 69 64 65 64 20 6f 76 | 65 72 20 61 20 70 65 72 |sided ov|er a per| |00004410| 69 6f 64 20 6f 66 20 75 | 6e 70 72 65 63 65 64 65 |iod of u|nprecede| |00004420| 6e 74 65 64 20 70 6f 6c | 69 74 69 63 61 6c 20 73 |nted pol|itical s| |00004430| 74 61 62 69 6c 69 74 79 | 20 61 6e 64 20 65 63 6f |tability| and eco| |00004440| 6e 6f 6d 69 63 20 70 72 | 6f 73 70 65 72 69 74 79 |nomic pr|osperity| |00004450| 2e 20 48 69 73 20 70 75 | 72 73 75 69 74 20 6f 66 |. His pu|rsuit of| |00004460| 20 44 45 54 45 4e 54 45 | 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 6c 65 | DETENTE| also le| |00004470| 64 20 74 6f 20 69 6d 70 | 72 6f 76 65 64 20 72 65 |d to imp|roved re| |00004480| 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 | 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 |lations |with the| |00004490| 20 57 65 73 74 2e 0d 0d | 20 53 74 61 62 69 6c 69 | West...| Stabili| |000044a0| 74 79 2c 20 68 6f 77 65 | 76 65 72 2c 20 70 72 6f |ty, howe|ver, pro| |000044b0| 76 65 64 20 64 65 74 72 | 69 6d 65 6e 74 61 6c 20 |ved detr|imental | |000044c0| 74 6f 20 69 6e 6e 6f 76 | 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 |to innov|ation, a| |000044d0| 6e 64 20 69 6e 20 42 72 | 65 7a 68 6e 65 76 27 73 |nd in Br|ezhnev's| |000044e0| 20 6c 61 73 74 20 79 65 | 61 72 73 20 65 63 6f 6e | last ye|ars econ| |000044f0| 6f 6d 69 63 20 73 74 61 | 67 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 |omic sta|gnation | |00004500| 61 6e 64 20 73 6f 63 69 | 61 6c 20 6d 61 6c 61 69 |and soci|al malai| |00004510| 73 65 20 73 65 74 20 69 | 6e 2e 20 41 74 20 74 68 |se set i|n. At th| |00004520| 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 74 | 69 6d 65 2c 20 64 65 74 |e same t|ime, det| |00004530| 65 6e 74 65 20 67 61 76 | 65 20 77 61 79 20 74 6f |ente gav|e way to| |00004540| 20 72 65 6e 65 77 65 64 | 20 45 61 73 74 2d 57 65 | renewed| East-We| |00004550| 73 74 20 74 65 6e 73 69 | 6f 6e 2c 20 70 61 72 74 |st tensi|on, part| |00004560| 69 63 75 6c 61 72 6c 79 | 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 74 |icularly| after t| |00004570| 68 65 20 53 6f 76 69 65 | 74 20 69 6e 74 65 72 76 |he Sovie|t interv| |00004580| 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e 20 69 | 6e 20 41 66 67 68 61 6e |ention i|n Afghan| |00004590| 69 73 74 61 6e 20 69 6e | 20 31 39 37 39 2e 20 42 |istan in| 1979. B| |000045a0| 72 65 7a 68 6e 65 76 27 | 73 20 74 77 6f 20 73 68 |rezhnev'|s two sh| |000045b0| 6f 72 74 6c 69 76 65 64 | 20 73 75 63 63 65 73 73 |ortlived| success| |000045c0| 6f 72 73 2c 20 59 75 72 | 69 20 41 4e 44 52 4f 50 |ors, Yur|i ANDROP| |000045d0| 4f 56 20 28 31 39 38 32 | 2d 38 34 29 20 61 6e 64 |OV (1982|-84) and| |000045e0| 20 4b 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e | 74 69 6e 20 43 48 45 52 | Konstan|tin CHER| |000045f0| 4e 45 4e 4b 4f 20 28 31 | 39 38 34 2d 38 35 29 2c |NENKO (1|984-85),| |00004600| 20 77 65 72 65 20 66 6f | 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 20 62 | were fo|llowed b| |00004610| 79 20 4d 69 6b 68 61 69 | 6c 20 47 6f 72 62 61 63 |y Mikhai|l Gorbac| |00004620| 68 65 76 2c 20 77 68 6f | 20 69 6e 61 75 67 75 72 |hev, who| inaugur| |00004630| 61 74 65 64 20 61 20 70 | 65 72 69 6f 64 20 6f 66 |ated a p|eriod of| |00004640| 20 72 65 66 6f 72 6d 20 | 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 6e 6f | reform |and inno| |00004650| 76 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 75 | 6e 70 72 65 63 65 64 65 |vation u|nprecede| |00004660| 6e 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 | 53 6f 76 69 65 74 20 68 |nted in |Soviet h| |00004670| 69 73 74 6f 72 79 2e 20 | 55 6e 64 65 72 20 74 68 |istory. |Under th| |00004680| 65 20 77 61 74 63 68 77 | 6f 72 64 73 20 6f 66 20 |e watchw|ords of | |00004690| 47 4c 41 53 4e 4f 53 54 | 20 28 22 6f 70 65 6e 6e |GLASNOST| ("openn| |000046a0| 65 73 73 22 29 20 61 6e | 64 20 50 45 52 45 53 54 |ess") an|d PEREST| |000046b0| 52 4f 49 4b 41 20 28 22 | 72 65 73 74 72 75 63 74 |ROIKA ("|restruct| |000046c0| 75 72 69 6e 67 22 29 2c | 20 47 6f 72 62 61 63 68 |uring"),| Gorbach| |000046d0| 65 76 20 65 6e 63 6f 75 | 72 61 67 65 64 20 66 72 |ev encou|raged fr| |000046e0| 65 65 20 64 69 73 63 75 | 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 |ee discu|ssion of| |000046f0| 20 69 73 73 75 65 73 2c | 20 72 65 6f 72 67 61 6e | issues,| reorgan| |00004700| 69 7a 65 64 20 74 68 65 | 20 67 6f 76 65 72 6e 6d |ized the| governm| |00004710| 65 6e 74 20 6f 6e 20 61 | 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 64 65 |ent on a| more de| |00004720| 6d 6f 63 72 61 74 69 63 | 20 62 61 73 69 73 2c 20 |mocratic| basis, | |00004730| 61 6e 64 20 72 65 6c 61 | 78 65 64 20 74 68 65 20 |and rela|xed the | |00004740| 73 79 73 74 65 6d 20 6f | 66 20 73 74 72 69 63 74 |system o|f strict| |00004750| 20 63 65 6e 73 6f 72 73 | 68 69 70 20 61 6e 64 20 | censors|hip and | |00004760| 70 6f 6c 69 74 69 63 61 | 6c 20 72 65 70 72 65 73 |politica|l repres| |00004770| 73 69 6f 6e 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 68 61 64 20 70 72 |sion tha|t had pr| |00004780| 65 76 61 69 6c 65 64 20 | 75 6e 64 65 72 20 68 69 |evailed |under hi| |00004790| 73 20 70 72 65 64 65 63 | 65 73 73 6f 72 73 2e 20 |s predec|essors. | |000047a0| 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e | 65 77 20 61 74 6d 6f 73 |In the n|ew atmos| |000047b0| 70 68 65 72 65 20 6f 66 | 20 66 72 65 65 64 6f 6d |phere of| freedom| |000047c0| 2c 20 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e | 61 6c 69 73 6d 20 72 65 |, nation|alism re| |000047d0| 65 6d 65 72 67 65 64 20 | 77 69 74 68 69 6e 20 74 |emerged |within t| |000047e0| 68 65 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 | 69 74 75 65 6e 74 20 72 |he const|ituent r| |000047f0| 65 70 75 62 6c 69 63 73 | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |epublics| of the | |00004800| 55 53 53 52 20 61 6e 64 | 20 69 6e 20 73 6f 6d 65 |USSR and| in some| |00004810| 20 63 61 73 65 73 20 77 | 61 73 20 61 63 63 6f 6d | cases w|as accom| |00004820| 70 61 6e 69 65 64 20 62 | 79 20 6f 75 74 62 72 65 |panied b|y outbre| |00004830| 61 6b 73 20 6f 66 20 65 | 74 68 6e 69 63 20 76 69 |aks of e|thnic vi| |00004840| 6f 6c 65 6e 63 65 2e 20 | 49 6e 20 45 61 73 74 65 |olence. |In Easte| |00004850| 72 6e 20 45 75 72 6f 70 | 65 20 74 68 65 20 72 65 |rn Europ|e the re| |00004860| 6d 6f 76 61 6c 20 6f 66 | 20 74 68 65 20 74 68 72 |moval of| the thr| |00004870| 65 61 74 20 6f 66 20 53 | 6f 76 69 65 74 20 69 6e |eat of S|oviet in| |00004880| 74 65 72 76 65 6e 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 63 6f 6e 74 72 |terventi|on contr| |00004890| 69 62 75 74 65 64 20 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 20 66 61 |ibuted t|o the fa| |000048a0| 6c 6c 20 6f 66 20 43 6f | 6d 6d 75 6e 69 73 74 2d |ll of Co|mmunist-| |000048b0| 64 6f 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 | 64 20 67 6f 76 65 72 6e |dominate|d govern| |000048c0| 6d 65 6e 74 73 2e 20 54 | 68 65 20 77 6f 72 73 65 |ments. T|he worse| |000048d0| 6e 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 | 65 63 6f 6e 6f 6d 69 63 |ning of |economic| |000048e0| 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 | 6f 6e 73 20 77 69 74 68 | conditi|ons with| |000048f0| 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 55 | 53 53 52 2c 20 6d 65 61 |in the U|SSR, mea| |00004900| 6e 77 68 69 6c 65 2c 20 | 6c 65 64 20 74 6f 20 77 |nwhile, |led to w| |00004910| 69 64 65 73 70 72 65 61 | 64 20 73 74 72 69 6b 65 |idesprea|d strike| |00004920| 73 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 | 6f 74 65 73 74 73 2c 20 |s and pr|otests, | |00004930| 6d 61 73 73 69 76 65 20 | 64 65 66 65 63 74 69 6f |massive |defectio| |00004940| 6e 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 | 74 68 65 20 43 6f 6d 6d |ns from |the Comm| |00004950| 75 6e 69 73 74 20 70 61 | 72 74 79 2c 20 61 6e 64 |unist pa|rty, and| |00004960| 20 61 63 75 74 65 20 70 | 6f 6c 69 74 69 63 61 6c | acute p|olitical| |00004970| 20 69 6e 73 74 61 62 69 | 6c 69 74 79 2e 0d 0d 4f | instabi|lity...O| |00004980| 46 46 49 43 49 41 4c 20 | 4e 41 4d 45 3a 20 55 6e |FFICIAL |NAME: Un| |00004990| 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 53 | 6f 76 69 65 74 20 53 6f |ion of S|oviet So| |000049a0| 63 69 61 6c 69 73 74 20 | 52 65 70 75 62 6c 69 63 |cialist |Republic| |000049b0| 73 0d 0d 20 4c 41 4e 44 | 3a 20 41 72 65 61 3a 20 |s.. LAND|: Area: | |000049c0| 32 32 2c 34 30 32 2c 32 | 30 30 20 73 71 20 6b 6d |22,402,2|00 sq km| |000049d0| 20 28 38 2c 36 34 39 2c | 35 31 32 20 73 71 20 6d | (8,649,|512 sq m| |000049e0| 69 29 2e 20 43 61 70 69 | 74 61 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 |i). Capi|tal and | |000049f0| 6c 61 72 67 65 73 74 20 | 63 69 74 79 3a 20 4d 6f |largest |city: Mo| |00004a00| 73 63 6f 77 20 28 31 39 | 38 39 20 65 73 74 2e 20 |scow (19|89 est. | |00004a10| 70 6f 70 2e 2c 20 38 2c | 39 36 37 2c 30 30 30 29 |pop., 8,|967,000)| |00004a20| 2e 0d 0d 20 50 45 4f 50 | 4c 45 3a 20 50 6f 70 75 |... PEOP|LE: Popu| |00004a30| 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 28 | 31 39 39 30 20 65 73 74 |lation (|1990 est| |00004a40| 2e 29 3a 20 32 38 39 2c | 30 30 30 2c 30 30 30 3b |.): 289,|000,000;| |00004a50| 20 64 65 6e 73 69 74 79 | 3a 20 31 32 2e 38 20 70 | density|: 12.8 p| |00004a60| 65 72 73 6f 6e 73 20 70 | 65 72 20 73 71 20 6b 6d |ersons p|er sq km| |00004a70| 20 28 33 33 2e 34 20 70 | 65 72 20 73 71 20 6d 69 | (33.4 p|er sq mi| |00004a80| 29 2e 20 44 69 73 74 72 | 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 20 |). Distr|ibution | |00004a90| 28 31 39 39 30 29 3a 20 | 36 36 25 20 75 72 62 61 |(1990): |66% urba| |00004aa0| 6e 2c 20 33 34 25 20 72 | 75 72 61 6c 2e 20 41 6e |n, 34% r|ural. An| |00004ab0| 6e 75 61 6c 20 67 72 6f | 77 74 68 20 28 31 39 38 |nual gro|wth (198| |00004ac0| 39 29 3a 20 31 2e 30 25 | 2e 20 4f 66 66 69 63 69 |9): 1.0%|. Offici| |00004ad0| 61 6c 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 | 61 67 65 3a 20 52 75 73 |al langu|age: Rus| |00004ae0| 73 69 61 6e 2e 20 4d 61 | 6a 6f 72 20 72 65 6c 69 |sian. Ma|jor reli| |00004af0| 67 69 6f 6e 73 3a 20 45 | 61 73 74 65 72 6e 20 4f |gions: E|astern O| |00004b00| 72 74 68 6f 64 6f 78 79 | 20 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 |rthodoxy| and oth| |00004b10| 65 72 20 43 68 72 69 73 | 74 69 61 6e 20 63 68 75 |er Chris|tian chu| |00004b20| 72 63 68 65 73 2c 20 49 | 73 6c 61 6d 2c 20 4a 75 |rches, I|slam, Ju| |00004b30| 64 61 69 73 6d 2e 0d 0d | 20 45 44 55 43 41 54 49 |daism...| EDUCATI| |00004b40| 4f 4e 20 41 4e 44 20 48 | 45 41 4c 54 48 2e 20 4c |ON AND H|EALTH. L| |00004b50| 69 74 65 72 61 63 79 20 | 28 31 39 38 39 29 3a 20 |iteracy |(1989): | |00004b60| 39 39 25 20 6f 66 20 61 | 64 75 6c 74 20 70 6f 70 |99% of a|dult pop| |00004b70| 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e | 20 55 6e 69 76 65 72 73 |ulation.| Univers| |00004b80| 69 74 69 65 73 20 28 31 | 39 38 39 29 3a 20 36 39 |ities (1|989): 69| |00004b90| 2e 20 48 6f 73 70 69 74 | 61 6c 20 62 65 64 73 20 |. Hospit|al beds | |00004ba0| 28 31 39 38 38 29 3a 20 | 33 2c 37 32 30 2c 30 30 |(1988): |3,720,00| |00004bb0| 30 2e 20 50 68 79 73 69 | 63 69 61 6e 73 20 28 31 |0. Physi|cians (1| |00004bc0| 39 38 38 29 3a 20 31 2c | 32 33 32 2c 36 30 30 2e |988): 1,|232,600.| |00004bd0| 20 4c 69 66 65 20 65 78 | 70 65 63 74 61 6e 63 79 | Life ex|pectancy| |00004be0| 20 28 31 39 38 39 29 3a | 20 36 39 2e 20 49 6e 66 | (1989):| 69. Inf| |00004bf0| 61 6e 74 20 6d 6f 72 74 | 61 6c 69 74 79 20 28 31 |ant mort|ality (1| |00004c00| 39 38 39 29 3a 20 32 35 | 20 70 65 72 20 31 2c 30 |989): 25| per 1,0| |00004c10| 30 30 20 6c 69 76 65 20 | 62 69 72 74 68 73 2e 0d |00 live |births..| |00004c20| 0d 20 45 43 4f 4e 4f 4d | 59 3a 20 47 4e 50 20 28 |. ECONOM|Y: GNP (| |00004c30| 31 39 38 39 29 3a 20 24 | 32 2c 34 32 30 20 62 69 |1989): $|2,420 bi| |00004c40| 6c 6c 69 6f 6e 3b 20 24 | 38 2c 33 37 35 20 70 65 |llion; $|8,375 pe| |00004c50| 72 20 63 61 70 69 74 61 | 2e 20 4c 61 62 6f 72 20 |r capita|. Labor | |00004c60| 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 28 31 39 |distribu|tion (19| |00004c70| 38 39 29 3a 20 61 67 72 | 69 63 75 6c 74 75 72 65 |89): agr|iculture| |00004c80| 2d 2d 32 32 25 3b 20 69 | 6e 64 75 73 74 72 79 20 |--22%; i|ndustry | |00004c90| 61 6e 64 20 6f 74 68 65 | 72 20 6e 6f 6e 61 67 72 |and othe|r nonagr| |00004ca0| 69 63 75 6c 74 75 72 61 | 6c 20 66 69 65 6c 64 73 |icultura|l fields| |00004cb0| 2d 2d 37 38 25 2e 20 46 | 6f 72 65 69 67 6e 20 74 |--78%. F|oreign t| |00004cc0| 72 61 64 65 20 28 31 39 | 38 39 29 3a 20 69 6d 70 |rade (19|89): imp| |00004cd0| 6f 72 74 73 2d 2d 24 31 | 31 38 2e 38 20 62 69 6c |orts--$1|18.8 bil| |00004ce0| 6c 69 6f 6e 3b 20 65 78 | 70 6f 72 74 73 2d 2d 24 |lion; ex|ports--$| |00004cf0| 31 31 33 2e 30 20 62 69 | 6c 6c 69 6f 6e 2e 20 50 |113.0 bi|llion. P| |00004d00| 72 69 6e 63 69 70 61 6c | 20 74 72 61 64 65 20 70 |rincipal| trade p| |00004d10| 61 72 74 6e 65 72 73 2d | 2d 47 65 72 6d 61 6e 79 |artners-|-Germany| |00004d20| 2c 20 43 7a 65 63 68 6f | 73 6c 6f 76 61 6b 69 61 |, Czecho|slovakia| |00004d30| 2c 20 42 75 6c 67 61 72 | 69 61 2c 20 50 6f 6c 61 |, Bulgar|ia, Pola| |00004d40| 6e 64 2c 20 48 75 6e 67 | 61 72 79 2c 20 43 75 62 |nd, Hung|ary, Cub| |00004d50| 61 2e 20 43 75 72 72 65 | 6e 63 79 3a 20 31 20 72 |a. Curre|ncy: 1 r| |00004d60| 75 62 6c 65 20 3d 20 31 | 30 30 20 6b 6f 70 65 6b |uble = 1|00 kopek| |00004d70| 73 2e 0d 0d 20 47 4f 56 | 45 52 4e 4d 45 4e 54 3a |s... GOV|ERNMENT:| |00004d80| 20 54 79 70 65 3a 20 73 | 69 6e 67 6c 65 2d 70 61 | Type: s|ingle-pa| |00004d90| 72 74 79 20 43 6f 6d 6d | 75 6e 69 73 74 20 73 74 |rty Comm|unist st| |00004da0| 61 74 65 2e 20 4c 65 67 | 69 73 6c 61 74 75 72 65 |ate. Leg|islature| |00004db0| 3a 20 53 75 70 72 65 6d | 65 20 53 6f 76 69 65 74 |: Suprem|e Soviet| |00004dc0| 2e 20 50 6f 6c 69 74 69 | 63 61 6c 20 73 75 62 64 |. Politi|cal subd| |00004dd0| 69 76 69 73 69 6f 6e 73 | 3a 20 31 35 20 75 6e 69 |ivisions|: 15 uni| |00004de0| 6f 6e 20 72 65 70 75 62 | 6c 69 63 73 2e 20 47 6f |on repub|lics. Go| |00004df0| 76 65 72 6e 6d 65 6e 74 | 20 6c 65 61 64 65 72 20 |vernment| leader | |00004e00| 28 31 39 39 31 29 3a 20 | 4d 69 6b 68 61 69 6c 20 |(1991): |Mikhail | |00004e10| 47 6f 72 62 61 63 68 65 | 76 2d 2d 70 72 65 73 69 |Gorbache|v--presi| |00004e20| 64 65 6e 74 2e 0d 0d 20 | 43 4f 4d 4d 55 4e 49 43 |dent... |COMMUNIC| |00004e30| 41 54 49 4f 4e 53 3a 20 | 52 61 69 6c 72 6f 61 64 |ATIONS: |Railroad| |00004e40| 73 20 28 31 39 38 37 29 | 3a 20 31 34 35 2c 36 30 |s (1987)|: 145,60| |00004e50| 30 20 6b 6d 20 28 39 30 | 2c 34 37 32 20 6d 69 29 |0 km (90|,472 mi)| |00004e60| 2e 20 52 6f 61 64 73 20 | 28 31 39 38 37 29 3a 20 |. Roads |(1987): | |00004e70| 39 37 31 2c 35 30 30 20 | 6b 6d 20 28 36 30 34 2c |971,500 |km (604,| |00004e80| 30 30 30 20 6d 69 29 20 | 74 6f 74 61 6c 2c 20 38 |000 mi) |total, 8| |00004e90| 34 25 20 70 61 76 65 64 | 2e 20 4d 61 6a 6f 72 20 |4% paved|. Major | |00004ea0| 70 6f 72 74 73 3a 20 32 | 36 2e 20 41 69 72 66 69 |ports: 2|6. 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The | |000051d0| 6f 6e 6c 79 20 65 63 6f | 6e 6f 6d 69 63 20 61 63 |only eco|nomic ac| |000051e0| 74 69 76 69 74 69 65 73 | 20 6e 6f 74 20 64 69 72 |tivities| not dir| |000051f0| 65 63 74 6c 79 20 61 64 | 6d 69 6e 69 73 74 65 72 |ectly ad|minister| |00005200| 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 68 | 65 20 73 74 61 74 65 20 |ed by th|e state | |00005210| 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 | 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f |have bee|n the co| |00005220| 6c 6c 65 63 74 69 76 65 | 20 66 61 72 6d 73 2c 20 |llective| farms, | |00005230| 74 68 65 20 66 61 6d 69 | 6c 79 20 70 6c 6f 74 73 |the fami|ly plots| |00005240| 20 62 65 6c 6f 6e 67 69 | 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 63 6f | belongi|ng to co| |00005250| 6c 6c 65 63 74 69 76 65 | 20 66 61 72 6d 65 72 73 |llective| farmers| |00005260| 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 | 65 20 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63 |, and th|e collec| |00005270| 74 69 76 65 2d 66 61 72 | 6d 2d 6d 61 72 6b 65 74 |tive-far|m-market| |00005280| 20 73 65 63 74 6f 72 20 | 6f 66 20 72 65 74 61 69 | sector |of retai| |00005290| 6c 20 74 72 61 64 65 2e | 0d 0d 20 53 69 6e 63 65 |l trade.|.. Since| |000052a0| 20 74 68 65 20 46 69 72 | 73 74 20 46 69 76 65 2d | the Fir|st Five-| |000052b0| 59 65 61 72 20 50 6c 61 | 6e 20 6f 66 20 6c 39 32 |Year Pla|n of l92| |000052c0| 38 2d 33 32 20 77 68 65 | 6e 20 74 68 69 73 20 73 |8-32 whe|n this s| |000052d0| 79 73 74 65 6d 20 74 6f | 6f 6b 20 73 68 61 70 65 |ystem to|ok shape| |000052e0| 2c 20 74 68 65 20 65 6e | 74 69 72 65 20 65 63 6f |, the en|tire eco| |000052f0| 6e 6f 6d 79 2c 20 69 6e | 63 6c 75 64 69 6e 67 20 |nomy, in|cluding | |00005300| 74 68 65 20 70 72 69 63 | 65 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 |the pric|e struct| |00005310| 75 72 65 2c 20 68 61 73 | 20 62 65 65 6e 20 74 69 |ure, has| been ti| |00005320| 65 64 20 74 6f 20 66 69 | 76 65 20 79 65 61 72 20 |ed to fi|ve year | |00005330| 70 6c 61 6e 73 20 74 68 | 61 74 20 61 72 65 20 61 |plans th|at are a| |00005340| 64 6a 75 73 74 65 64 20 | 61 6e 6e 75 61 6c 6c 79 |djusted |annually| |00005350| 20 61 6e 64 20 65 76 65 | 6e 20 71 75 61 72 74 65 | and eve|n quarte| |00005360| 72 6c 79 20 74 6f 20 74 | 61 6b 65 20 61 63 63 6f |rly to t|ake acco| |00005370| 75 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 | 6e 64 20 63 6f 72 72 65 |unt of a|nd corre| |00005380| 63 74 20 69 6d 62 61 6c | 61 6e 63 65 73 2e 20 50 |ct imbal|ances. P| |00005390| 72 69 6f 72 20 74 6f 20 | 6c 39 32 38 20 74 68 65 |rior to |l928 the| |000053a0| 20 4e 65 77 20 45 63 6f | 6e 6f 6d 69 63 20 50 6f | New Eco|nomic Po| |000053b0| 6c 69 63 79 20 28 4e 45 | 50 29 20 70 72 65 76 61 |licy (NE|P) preva| |000053c0| 69 6c 65 64 2c 20 75 6e | 64 65 72 20 77 68 69 63 |iled, un|der whic| |000053d0| 68 20 73 74 61 74 65 20 | 6f 77 6e 65 72 73 68 69 |h state |ownershi| |000053e0| 70 20 77 61 73 20 6c 69 | 6d 69 74 65 64 20 74 6f |p was li|mited to| |000053f0| 20 74 68 65 20 22 63 6f | 6d 6d 61 6e 64 69 6e 67 | the "co|mmanding| |00005400| 20 68 65 69 67 68 74 73 | 22 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 | heights|" of the| |00005410| 20 65 63 6f 6e 6f 6d 79 | 20 28 6c 61 72 67 65 2d | economy| (large-| |00005420| 73 63 61 6c 65 20 69 6e | 64 75 73 74 72 79 2c 20 |scale in|dustry, | |00005430| 62 61 6e 6b 69 6e 67 2c | 20 61 6e 64 20 66 6f 72 |banking,| and for| |00005440| 65 69 67 6e 20 63 6f 6d | 6d 65 72 63 65 29 2e 20 |eign com|merce). | |00005450| 46 75 6c 6c 2d 73 63 61 | 6c 65 20 69 6e 64 75 73 |Full-sca|le indus| |00005460| 74 72 69 61 6c 69 7a 61 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 |trializa|tion and| |00005470| 20 66 6f 72 63 65 64 20 | 63 6f 6c 6c 65 63 74 69 | forced |collecti| |00005480| 76 69 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e | 20 65 6e 73 75 65 64 2c |vization| ensued,| |00005490| 20 64 72 69 76 69 6e 67 | 20 6d 69 6c 6c 69 6f 6e | driving| million| |000054a0| 73 20 6f 66 20 70 65 61 | 73 61 6e 74 73 20 74 6f |s of pea|sants to| |000054b0| 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 72 75 | 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 73 69 | constru|ction si| |000054c0| 74 65 73 20 6f 72 20 69 | 6e 74 6f 20 74 6f 77 6e |tes or i|nto town| |000054d0| 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 65 | 74 74 69 6e 67 20 62 61 |s and se|tting ba| |000054e0| 63 6b 20 70 72 6f 64 75 | 63 74 69 76 69 74 79 20 |ck produ|ctivity | |000054f0| 6f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6c | 61 6e 64 20 66 6f 72 20 |on the l|and for | |00005500| 61 74 20 6c 65 61 73 74 | 20 61 20 64 65 63 61 64 |at least| a decad| |00005510| 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 65 | 6d 70 68 61 73 69 73 20 |e. 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S| |000056e0| 69 6e 63 65 20 6c 39 38 | 35 20 74 68 65 20 53 6f |ince l98|5 the So| |000056f0| 76 69 65 74 20 67 6f 76 | 65 72 6e 6d 65 6e 74 20 |viet gov|ernment | |00005700| 68 61 73 20 65 6d 62 61 | 72 6b 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 |has emba|rked on | |00005710| 61 6e 20 61 6d 62 69 74 | 69 6f 75 73 20 70 72 6f |an ambit|ious pro| |00005720| 67 72 61 6d 20 6f 66 20 | 64 69 73 6d 61 6e 74 6c |gram of |dismantl| |00005730| 69 6e 67 20 77 68 61 74 | 20 47 6f 72 62 61 63 68 |ing what| Gorbach| |00005740| 65 76 20 68 61 73 20 63 | 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 74 68 |ev has c|alled th| |00005750| 65 20 22 61 64 6d 69 6e | 69 73 74 72 61 74 69 76 |e "admin|istrativ| |00005760| 65 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e | 64 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d |e comman|d system| |00005770| 20 6f 66 20 65 63 6f 6e | 6f 6d 69 63 20 6d 61 6e | of econ|omic man| |00005780| 61 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 2e | 22 20 52 65 66 6f 72 6d |agement.|" Reform| |00005790| 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 69 | 6e 63 6c 75 64 65 64 20 |s have i|ncluded | |000057a0| 74 68 65 20 72 65 69 6e | 74 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 |the rein|troducti| |000057b0| 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 6c 69 | 6d 69 74 65 64 20 70 72 |on of li|mited pr| |000057c0| 69 76 61 74 65 20 65 6e | 74 65 72 70 72 69 73 65 |ivate en|terprise| |000057d0| 2c 20 61 20 6d 6f 72 65 | 20 66 6c 65 78 69 62 6c |, a more| flexibl| |000057e0| 65 20 70 72 69 63 65 20 | 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 72 |e price |structur| |000057f0| 65 20 61 6e 64 20 64 65 | 63 65 6e 74 72 61 6c 69 |e and de|centrali| |00005800| 7a 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f | 66 20 65 63 6f 6e 6f 6d |zation o|f econom| |00005810| 69 63 20 64 65 63 69 73 | 69 6f 6e 20 6d 61 6b 69 |ic decis|ion maki| |00005820| 6e 67 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 | 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 65 |ng down |to the e| |00005830| 6e 74 65 72 70 72 69 73 | 65 20 6c 65 76 65 6c 2e |nterpris|e level.| |00005840| 20 46 61 72 20 66 72 6f | 6d 20 65 6e 68 61 6e 63 | Far fro|m enhanc| |00005850| 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 | 70 65 72 66 6f 72 6d 61 |ing the |performa| |00005860| 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 65 63 6f 6e 6f |nce of t|he econo| |00005870| 6d 79 2c 20 68 6f 77 65 | 76 65 72 2c 20 74 68 65 |my, howe|ver, the| |00005880| 73 65 20 63 68 61 6e 67 | 65 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 |se chang|es have | |00005890| 69 6e 74 65 6e 73 69 66 | 69 65 64 20 73 68 6f 72 |intensif|ied shor| |000058a0| 74 61 67 65 73 20 61 6e | 64 20 61 72 65 20 77 69 |tages an|d are wi| |000058b0| 64 65 6c 79 20 70 65 72 | 63 65 69 76 65 64 20 61 |dely per|ceived a| |000058c0| 73 20 69 6e 61 64 65 71 | 75 61 74 65 2e 00 00 00 |s inadeq|uate....| |000058d0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |000058e0| 00 00 09 c0 43 41 52 44 | 00 00 12 76 00 00 00 00 |....CARD|...v....| |000058f0| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|........| |00005900| 00 00 2f 09 00 00 0a 85 | 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |../.....|........| |00005910| 00 02 00 00 09 88 00 19 | 00 0c 00 41 67 72 69 63 |........|...Agric| |00005920| 75 6c 74 75 72 65 00 06 | 09 73 00 53 6f 76 69 65 |ulture..|.s.Sovie| |00005930| 74 20 61 67 72 69 63 75 | 6c 74 75 72 65 20 74 72 |t agricu|lture tr| |00005940| 61 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 61 | 6c 6c 79 20 63 6f 6e 73 |aditiona|lly cons| |00005950| 69 73 74 73 20 6f 66 20 | 74 68 72 65 65 20 64 69 |ists of |three di| |00005960| 73 74 69 6e 63 74 20 69 | 6e 73 74 69 74 75 74 69 |stinct i|nstituti| |00005970| 6f 6e 61 6c 20 61 72 72 | 61 6e 67 65 6d 65 6e 74 |onal arr|angement| |00005980| 73 3a 20 73 74 61 74 65 | 20 66 61 72 6d 73 2c 20 |s: state| farms, | |00005990| 77 68 69 63 68 20 6f 70 | 65 72 61 74 65 20 6d 6f |which op|erate mo| |000059a0| 72 65 20 6f 72 20 6c 65 | 73 73 20 61 73 20 69 6e |re or le|ss as in| |000059b0| 64 75 73 74 72 69 61 6c | 20 65 6e 74 65 72 70 72 |dustrial| enterpr| |000059c0| 69 73 65 73 2c 20 70 61 | 79 69 6e 67 20 77 61 67 |ises, pa|ying wag| |000059d0| 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 73 | 61 6c 61 72 69 65 73 20 |es and s|alaries | |000059e0| 74 6f 20 74 68 65 69 72 | 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 66 6f |to their| work fo| |000059f0| 72 63 65 3b 20 63 6f 6c | 6c 65 63 74 69 76 65 20 |rce; 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South| of this| |00005be0| 20 7a 6f 6e 65 2c 20 70 | 6f 74 61 74 6f 65 73 2c | zone, p|otatoes,| |00005bf0| 20 72 79 65 2c 20 61 6e | 64 20 68 65 6d 70 20 61 | rye, an|d hemp a| |00005c00| 72 65 20 63 75 6c 74 69 | 76 61 74 65 64 2c 20 61 |re culti|vated, a| |00005c10| 6e 64 20 6c 69 76 65 73 | 74 6f 63 6b 20 70 72 6f |nd lives|tock pro| |00005c20| 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 | 69 73 20 63 61 72 72 69 |duction |is carri| |00005c30| 65 64 20 6f 75 74 20 65 | 78 74 65 6e 73 69 76 65 |ed out e|xtensive| |00005c40| 6c 79 2e 20 46 61 72 74 | 68 65 72 20 74 6f 20 74 |ly. 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